by doing so and deserves whatever punishment Allah Most High has prescribed in this world and the Hereafter.

This distinction between him and someone whose intoxication is excusable is established. As for whether an agreement he makes with other people is legally binding, produces its legal effects, and achieves its intended purpose, there is no distinction here between excusable and inexcusable intoxication. What makes such an agreement valid is that the person entered into it while possessing reason and discernment, not whether he is righteous or wicked. Islamic law has never treated an intoxicated person as equivalent to a sober person.

He—may Allah Most High have mercy on him—was asked:

A man had such a fierce quarrel with his wife that his reason was affected, and he said to her, “You are divorced three times.” Does this make the divorce binding or not?

He answered:

If matters reached the point where he did not understand what he was saying—as with an insane person—no divorce took effect. And Allah knows best.

He—may Allah have mercy on him—was asked:

A man became angry and said, “Divorced,” without mentioning his wife or her name.

He answered:

If he did not intend thereby to divorce her, no divorce took effect through this wording.