Majmu' al-Fatawa - Ibn Taimiya - (33/31)

Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

and Sunnah—as shown, for example, by the Prophet’s (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) cursing both the man who marries a woman to make her lawful again for her former husband and the former husband for whose benefit this is done. Those who disagreed with the Companions on this matter did so through independent scholarly judgment. May Allah be pleased with all Muslim scholars.

Furthermore, it is authentically reported that ʿUmar held that expressions such as “You are free” and “You are released” constitute a single revocable divorce. Yet most of them disagree with ʿUmar on this.

It is also authentically reported that when a missing man returned and found that his wife had remarried, ʿUmar gave him the choice between his wife and the dowry. This ruling is also known from other Companions, including ʿUthmān and ʿAlī. Ahmad reported it from eight Companions and said: “What basis does anyone who opposes these men have?” Nevertheless, most of them disagree with ʿUmar and the other Companions on this matter; some even overturn a judge’s ruling when he rules accordingly.

ʿUmar and the Companions designated lands conquered by force—such as those of Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Khurāsān and the Maghrib—as fay’ for the Muslims. Neither ʿUmar nor ʿUthmān distributed any land conquered by force. Nor did ʿUmar obtain the consent of all those entitled to the spoils concerning these lands, although some scholars supposed that their consent had been obtained regarding the Sawād. Rather, Bilāl, al-Zubayr and others asked him to divide the lands conquered by force, but he did not grant their request. Nevertheless, some of these scholars disagree with ʿUmar and the Companions on a matter of such importance, concerning which practice had been settled since their time. Indeed, they even overturn the ruling of a judge who rules as the Companions did.

Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān and ʿAlī never set aside a fifth of fay’ property, nor did the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). Nor did they divide the fifth of the spoils of war into five equal shares. Yet many of these scholars disagree with this. There are numerous comparable examples.

وَالسُّنَّةُ {كَلَعْنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْمُحَلِّلَ وَالْمُحَلَّلَ لَهُ} وَقَدْ خَالَفَهُمْ مَنْ خَالَفَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ اجْتِهَادًا. وَاَللَّهُ يَرْضَى عَنْ جَمِيعِ عُلَمَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَأَيْضًا فَقَدْ ثَبَتَ عَنْ عُمَرَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ فِي الْخَلِيَّةِ وَالْبَرِيَّةِ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ: إنَّهَا طَلْقَةٌ رَجْعِيَّةٌ. وَأَكْثَرُهُمْ يُخَالِفُونَ عُمَرَ فِي ذَلِكَ. وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ عَنْ عُمَرَ: أَنَّهُ خَيَّرَ الْمَفْقُودَ إذَا رَجَعَ فَوَجَدَ امْرَأَتَهُ قَدْ تَزَوَّجَتْ خَيَّرَهُ بَيْنَ امْرَأَتِهِ وَبَيْنَ الْمَهْرِ. وَهَذَا أَيْضًا مَعْرُوفٌ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ مِنْ الصَّحَابَةِ: كَعُثْمَانِ وَعَلِيٍّ. وَذَكَرَهُ أَحْمَد عَنْ ثَمَانِيَةٍ مِنْ الصَّحَابَةِ وَقَالَ: إلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ يَذْهَبُ الَّذِي يُخَالِفُ هَؤُلَاءِ وَمَعَ هَذَا فَأَكْثَرُهُمْ يُخَالِفُونَ عُمَرَ وَسَائِرَ الصَّحَابَةِ فِي ذَلِكَ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَنْقُضُ حُكْمَ مَنْ حَكَمَ بِهِ. وَعُمَرُ وَالصَّحَابَةُ جَعَلُوا الْأَرْضَ الْمَفْتُوحَةَ عَنْوَةً؛ كَأَرْضِ الشَّامِ وَمِصْرَ وَالْعِرَاقِ وَخُرَاسَانَ وَالْمَغْرِبِ: فَيْئًا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ؛ وَلَمْ يُقَسِّمْ عُمَرُ وَلَا عُثْمَانُ أَرْضًا فَتَحَهَا عَنْوَةً وَلَمْ يَسْتَطِبْ عُمَرُ أَنْفُسَ جَمِيعِ الْغَانِمِينَ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَرْضِينَ؛ وَإِنْ ظَنَّ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ أَنَّهُمْ اسْتَطَابُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ فِي السَّوَادِ؛ بَلْ طَلَبَ مِنْهُمْ بِلَالٌ وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَغَيْرُهُمَا قِسْمَةَ أَرْضِ الْعَنْوَةِ فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُمْ وَمَعَ هَذَا فَطَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يُخَالِفُ عُمَرَ وَالصَّحَابَةَ فِي مِثْلِ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ الْعَظِيمِ الَّذِي اسْتَقَرَّ الْأَمْرُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ زَمَنِهِمْ؛ بَلْ يَنْقُضُ حُكْمَ مَنْ حَكَمَ بِحُكْمِهِمْ أَيْضًا. فَأَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ وَعُثْمَانُ وَعَلِيٌّ لَمْ يُخَمِّسُوا قَطُّ مَالَ فَيْءٍ وَلَا خَمَّسَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَا جَعَلُوا خُمُسَ الْغَنِيمَةِ خَمْسَةَ أَقْسَامٍ مُتَسَاوِيَةٍ وَمَعَ هَذَا: فَكَثِيرٌ مِنْهُمْ يُخَالِفُ ذَلِكَ. وَنَظَائِرُ هَذَا مُتَعَدِّدَةٌ.