as none but Allah Most High knows, as is indeed borne out in practice.

(Fifth:
If Muslims need to collect money to repel their enemy, those who are able must contribute, even if the unbelievers take that money without right. It is therefore all the more incumbent upon them to contribute jointly towards what oppressors take from Muslims.

Section

Accordingly, if one of those sharing this liability absents himself or refuses to pay, so that nothing is collected from him and his share is taken from someone else, he must reimburse whoever paid on his behalf for the amount of his share, according to the stronger of the two scholarly views. This is like discharging any other obligation he owes. He must be compelled to do so and may be punished to compel payment, just as he may be punished to compel him to discharge his other obligations.

This is comparable to a zakat collector demanding more than the amount due from one of two partners and taking it on the basis of an interpretation: the partner from whom it was taken may recover the other partner’s proportionate share from him. If it was taken without such an interpretation, there are two scholarly views; the stronger is that he may recover it in this case as well.

The same applies to the administrator of an endowment, an orphan’s guardian, the manager of a profit-sharing partnership, a partner, an agent, and anyone else who administers another person’s property by virtue of guardianship or agency, when payment is demanded from him for the levies falling on that property. Examples include government levies collected from him on real estate, or levies collected from merchants on roads and in villages on the assets they carry. They may pay these from the property itself; indeed, they must do so if they fear that failure to pay will result in an even greater amount being taken. And if it should happen