and who has taken no child and has no partner in His dominion, and who created everything and determined it precisely.” (1).

For these people have made the jinn partners with Allah, although He created them, and have falsely attributed sons and daughters to Him without knowledge. It has been said that the term “jinn” includes the angels, as has been said concerning His words:

“They have established a kinship between Him and the jinn.”

Although it has been said, in explaining this, that some Arab polytheists claimed that Allah had entered into marriage ties with the jinn, who then bore the angels, they also worshipped the angels, just as the Sabaean philosophers worshipped them. As the Exalted says:

“They have made the angels, who are servants of the Most Merciful, female. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded, and they will be questioned.”

And the Exalted says:

“And on the Day when He gathers them all together, He will then say to the angels, ‘Was it you that these people used to worship?’”

“They will say, ‘Glory be to You! You are our Protector, not they. Rather, they used to worship the jinn; most of them believed in them.’”

This means that the angels did not command them to do so. Rather, the jinn commanded them to do so, so that they would worship the devils that appear to them in visible forms, just as idols have devils associated with them.

Likewise, devils descend upon some of those who worship the celestial bodies and observe them until an apparition descends upon one of them and speaks to him. It is, in fact, one of the devils.

For this reason, the Exalted says:

“Did I not enjoin upon you, O children of Adam, that you should not worship Satan? Indeed, he is a clear enemy to you.”

“And that you should worship Me? This is a straight path.”

“And he has indeed led astray great multitudes among you