it may be absent from both or from one of them.

Likewise, someone drawing a distinction may invoke an attribute that he claims fails to hold in one of the two cases, although it is not exclusive to that case but is shared by both. For example, they say: “The prohibition here concerns something inherent in the prohibited act, whereas there it concerns something external to it,” or, “There it concerns an attribute of the act rather than its essence.”

Yet a prohibition may concern something specific to an act of worship or a contract, or something common to it and other acts. Thus, a pilgrim in ihrām (ritual consecration) is forbidden certain things specifically because of his ihrām, such as shaving his head, wearing a turban or other prohibited clothing, having intercourse with his wife, and hunting land game. At the same time, he is forbidden unlawful sexual intercourse and wronging people with respect to the game they own. In such cases, a prohibition based on a reason common to both situations is more serious. Hence, if a pilgrim in ihrām kills game belonging to someone else, he must provide compensation to fulfil Allah’s right and reimburse the owner to fulfil the owner’s right. If he engages in unlawful sexual intercourse, that would invalidate his ihrām just as intercourse with his wife does, and he would also incur the prescribed punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse.

Accordingly, someone who wears during prayer something forbidden both within and outside prayer—such as clothing associated with arrogance and ostentation, including trailing garments and silk—has even stronger grounds for his prayer to be invalid than someone wearing an impure garment. The hadith recorded in the Sunan collections states:

“Allah does not accept the prayer of one who lets his garment trail.”

There is disagreement concerning impure clothing, as well as the amount of impurity. For men, however, praying in silk without a need is forbidden by explicit scriptural text and scholarly consensus. Likewise, selling after the call to prayer: if it has been prohibited, and other activities also distract from