and therefore Allah must not be adjured by him, any more than by the other angels and prophets. We know of no one among the early generations or the leading scholars who said that Allah may be adjured by him, just as they did not say that oaths may be sworn by them at all.

For this reason, Abū Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Salām issued a ruling that Allah must not be adjured by any angel, prophet, or anyone else. However, when he was told that a hadith concerning adjuring Allah by the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had been reported, he said: ‘If the hadith is authentic, this would apply exclusively to him.’ Yet the hadith in question does not indicate that Allah may be adjured by him.

The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:
‘Whoever wishes to swear an oath must swear by Allah; otherwise, let him remain silent.’

He also said:
‘Whoever swears by other than Allah has associated partners with Him.’

Supplication is worship, and worship is founded on revealed prescription and adherence, not on personal desire and innovation. And Allah knows best.”