the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace:

“No Muslim is liable for jizyah, nor may two qiblahs (directions of prayer) coexist in one land.”

These conditions have been recorded and endorsed in their books by leading scholars of the established schools of law and others. They state that the ruler must require non-Muslims under Muslim protection to distinguish themselves from Muslims in their clothing, hairstyles, honorific bynames, and manner of riding. They must wear garments unlike those worn by Muslims, in colours such as honey, blue, yellow, and dark grey; attach strips of cloth to their caps and turbans; and fasten girdles over their clothes.

Some scholars have stated without qualification that they must both wear distinctive clothing and fasten girdles, while others have said that this is obligatory if stipulated for them. It has already been mentioned that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb—may Allah be pleased with him—stipulated all these requirements for them, saying:

“They must not resemble Muslims in any of their clothing, whether caps or anything else, including turbans and sandals.”

Further on, he said:

“He must enforce this upon them wherever they may be, and they must fasten girdles around their waists.”

Those Muslim rulers whom Allah Most High has granted success have continually renewed these conditions upon them. Thus ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz—may Allah have mercy on him—renewed them during his caliphate and diligently followed the Sunnah of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb—may Allah be pleased with him—