Sufyān al-Thawrī, from Masrūq ibn ‘Abd al-Rahmān ibn ‘Utbah, who said:

When ‘Umar—may Allah be pleased with him—concluded a peace agreement with the Christians of Syria, he drew up a document stipulating the following conditions:

They must not build any monastery, hermitage, church, or monk’s cell in their towns or the surrounding areas, nor rebuild any that had fallen into ruin. They must not prevent any Muslim from lodging in their churches for three nights, during which they must provide them with food. They must not shelter a spy, conceal treachery against the Muslims, teach their children the Quran, publicly display polytheism, or prevent their relatives from embracing Islam if they wish to do so.

They must show respect to Muslims and rise from their seats for them when they wish to sit down. They must not imitate Muslims in any aspect of their dress—caps, turbans, or sandals—or in the parting of their hair. They must not adopt Muslims’ names of the form “father of,” ride in saddles, wear swords, possess any of the Muslims’ weapons, engrave their rings in Arabic, or sell wine.

They must clip the hair at the front of their heads, retain their distinctive dress wherever they may be, and fasten girdles around their waists. They must not display a cross or any of their scriptures anywhere along the Muslims’ roads, nor bury their dead near Muslims. They must strike their church bells only softly and must not raise their voices when reading in their churches in the presence of Muslims. They must not go out in Palm Sunday processions, raise their voices when accompanying their dead, or display fires in their funeral processions. They must not purchase slaves who have been allotted to Muslims as their shares.

If they violate any of the conditions imposed upon them, they shall have no covenant of protection, and it becomes lawful for the Muslims to subject them to