and others like them, and most litigants in towns and the countryside—or if neither party is a wrongdoer, their dispute having arisen from some ambiguity, interpretation, or mistake—he must seek to reconcile them or adjudicate between them, as Allah Most High says:

“If two groups of believers fight, make peace between them. But if one transgresses against the other, fight the transgressing group until it returns to Allah’s command. If it returns, reconcile them justly and act equitably. Surely Allah loves those who act equitably.”

“The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers, and fear Allah so that you may receive mercy.”

Allah Most High also says:

“There is no good in much of their private conversation, except in that of someone who urges charity, kindness, or reconciliation between people. Whoever does this seeking Allah’s pleasure, We shall grant him a great reward.”

Abū Dāwūd reported in al-Sunan that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was asked, “Is it tribal partisanship for a man to support his people when they are in the right?” He replied, “No.” He said, “Rather, tribal partisanship is for a man to support his people when they are in the wrong.”

He also said:

“The best of you is the one who defends his people, so long as he commits no sin.”

And he said:

“The one who supports his people in falsehood is like a camel that has fallen into a well and is being dragged by its tail.”

And he said:

“If you hear someone invoking the rallying cries of pre-Islamic ignorance, tell him to bite his father’s penis, and do not use euphemisms.”

Any allegiance that falls outside the call of Islam and the Quran—whether based on lineage, homeland, ethnicity, a school of thought, or a path—is among the rallying cries of pre-Islamic ignorance. Indeed, “When two men—one from the Emigrants and one from the Helpers—quarreled, the Emigrant called out, ‘Emigrants, rally to me!’