and rahba (fear) and raghba (desire).

Transgression means exceeding the bounds; it is wrongdoing and aggression. Whoever is worshipped besides Allah, without being averse to it, is a tāghūt. For this reason, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, called idols tawāghīt (false gods) when he said in an authentic hadith:

“Those who worship false gods will follow those false gods.”

Anyone obeyed in disobedience to Allah, or obeyed in following something other than guidance and the religion of truth—whether his statements that contradict the Book of Allah are accepted, or his commands that contradict Allah’s commands are obeyed—is a tāghūt. Hence, someone to whom disputes are referred, who judges by other than the Book of Allah, is called a tāghūt. Allah called Pharaoh and ‘Ād transgressors, and said concerning the blast that struck Thamūd:

“As for Thamūd, they were destroyed by the overpowering blast.”

Any member of this community who shows allegiance to the disbelievers, whether polytheists or People of the Book, through some form of allegiance or the like—for example, by going to the adherents of falsehood and following them in some of their false statements and deeds—incurs blame and punishment, and has a share of hypocrisy, in proportion to that. This includes following their views and practices, such as the statements and deeds of the Sabians—philosophers and others like them—that contradict the Book and the Sunnah; the statements and deeds of the Jews and Christians that contradict the Book and the Sunnah; and the statements and deeds of the Magians and polytheists that contradict the Book and the Sunnah.

Whoever gives allegiance to their dead or their living through love, veneration, and agreement is one of them, like those who sided with the enemies of Abraham, the close friend of Allah, among the Chaldeans and others