Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

(*)
The shaykh, imam and eminent scholar, Shaykh al-Islām Abū al-‘Abbās Ahmad, son of the shaykh, imam and scholar Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Halīm, son of the shaykh and imam Majd al-Dīn Abū al-Barakāt ‘Abd al-Salām ibn Taymiyyah—may Allah have mercy on him—said:

All praise belongs to Allah. We seek His help and guidance, ask His forgiveness, and turn to Him in repentance. We seek refuge in Allah from the evil within ourselves and from our evil deeds. Whoever Allah guides, none can lead astray; and whoever He leads astray, none can guide. We bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah alone, with no partner. We also bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger, whom He sent before the Hour as a bearer of glad tidings and a warner, calling to Allah by His permission, and as an illuminating lamp.

Through him, Allah guided people out of misguidance, gave them sight after blindness, and led them from error to right guidance. Through him, He opened blind eyes, deaf ears, and closed hearts. He conveyed the message, fulfilled the trust, sincerely counselled the Muslim community, strove in Allah’s cause as he ought, and worshipped Allah until the certainty of death came to him from his Lord. May Allah send blessings upon him and upon

(*) Shaykh Nāsir ibn Hamad al-Fahd stated (p. 216): There are two points here: First: This treatise by the Shaykh, may Allah have mercy on him, is known as al-Hisba. Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy on him, reproduced most of it in his al-Turuq al-Hukmiyya, pp. 232–273. Second: Comparing this text with Ibn al-Qayyim’s version reveals minor differences and transcription errors, the most important of which are: 1. 28/78: “For this reason, several scholars, including Abū Hanīfa and his followers, prohibited professional partitioners, who divide real estate and other property for a fee, from forming partnerships when people need their services [because, if they formed partnerships,] they would charge people higher fees.” The bracketed words are missing here. They appear in al-Turuq al-Hukmiyya, p. 246, and are indicated by the context. 2. 28/84: “Some scholars thought that these partnerships were contracts of hire with unspecified remuneration, and therefore said that analogy required their prohibition. Some of them prohibited orchard partnerships (musāqāh) and agricultural partnerships but permitted profit-sharing investment (mudāraba) as a recommended practice on grounds of need, since dirhams cannot be leased, as Abū Hanīfa maintains.” I say (the speaker here is Shaykh Nāsir al-Fahd): This is how it appears in al-Fatāwā: istihbāban (“as a recommended practice”). In al-Turuq al-Hukmiyya, p. 251, it reads istihsānan li-l-hāja (“by juristic preference on grounds of need”), which is correct. They exempted it from the analogy that, in their view, required its prohibition, relying on another proof—need. This is one of the definitions of istihsān (juristic preference). Allah Most High knows best. 3. 28/85: “Sharecropping is more fundamental than leasing.” In al-Turuq, p. 251, it reads: “Sharecropping is more lawful than leasing,” which is the more likely reading. 4. 28/90: “People have disputed price regulation in two cases. The first is when people have a high price and someone wishes to sell at an even higher price: he is prevented from doing so.” In al-Turuq, p. 252, it reads: “when people have a prevailing price,” which is correct. 5. 28/92: “If one person or a small number of them lower the price, they are ordered to match the price charged by the majority. [But if one person or a small number raise the price, the majority are not ordered to match their price,] because what matters is the situation of the majority, on which the pricing of goods is based.” The bracketed words are missing from this passage. They appear in al-Turuq, p. 256. 6. 28/95: “It is well known that when something [becomes scarce,] people are eager to bid more for it.” The bracketed words are missing. They appear in al-Turuq, p. 258, and make the meaning clear.
(*) وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ الْإِمَامُ الْعَلَّامَةُ شَيْخُ الْإِسْلَامِ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ أَحْمَد بْنُ الشَّيْخِ الْإِمَامِ الْعَالِمِ شِهَابِ الدِّينِ عَبْدِ الْحَلِيمِ بْنِ الشَّيْخِ الْإِمَامِ مَجْدِ الدِّينِ أَبِي الْبَرَكَاتِ عَبْدِ السَّلَامِ ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّة - رَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ -: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ نَسْتَعِينُهُ وَنَسْتَهْدِيهِ؛ وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَتُوبُ إلَيْهِ؛ وَنَعُوذُ بِاَللَّهِ مِنْ شُرُورِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَسَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ فَلَا مُضِلَّ لَهُ؛ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلَا هَادِيَ لَهُ. وَنَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ. وَنَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ؛ أَرْسَلَهُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ السَّاعَةِ بَشِيرًا وَنَذِيرًا وَدَاعِيًا إلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِرَاجًا مُنِيرًا فَهَدَى بِهِ مِنْ الضَّلَالَةِ. وَبَصَّرَ بِهِ مِنْ الْعَمَى وَأَرْشَدَ بِهِ مِنْ الْغَيِّ. وَفَتَحَ بِهِ أَعْيُنًا عُمْيًا؛ وَآذَانًا صُمًّا؛ وَقُلُوبًا غُلْفًا حَيْثُ بَلَّغَ الرِّسَالَةَ وَأَدَّى الْأَمَانَةَ؛ وَنَصَحَ الْأُمَّةَ؛ وَجَاهَدَ فِي اللَّهِ حَقَّ جِهَادِهِ؛ وَعَبَدَ اللَّهَ حَتَّى أَتَاهُ الْيَقِينُ مِنْ رَبِّهِ؛ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى
(*) قال الشيخ ناصر بن حمد الفهد (ص ٢١٦): هنا أمران: أن هذه الرسالة للشيخ رحمه الله معروفة باسم (الحسبة)، وقد نقل عامتها ابن القيم رحمه الله في كتابه (الطرق الحكمية) ٢٣٢ - ٢٧٣. الثاني: أنه بمقابلة هذا الموضع على ما نقله ابن القيم رحمه الله يوجد فروق وتصحيفات يسيرة ن أهمها ما يلي: ١ - ٢٨/ ٧٨ (ولهذا منع غير واحد من العلماء كأبي حنيفة وأصحابه القسام الذين يقسمون العقار وغيره بالأجر أن يشتركوا والناس محتاجون إليهم [، فإنهم إذا اشتركوا] أغلوا عليهم الأجر)، وما بين المعقوفتين ساقط، وهو في (الطرق الحكمية) ص ٢٤٦، ويدل عليه السياق. ٢ - ٢٨/ ٨٤: (وقد ظن طائفة من العلماء أن هذه المشاركات من باب الإجارات بعوض مجهول، فقالوا: القياس يقتضي تحريمها. ثم منهم من حرم المساقاة والزراعة وأباح المضاربة استحبابًا للحاجة، لأن الدراهم لا يمكن إجارتها كما يقول أبو حنيفة) قلت (والكلام للشيخ ناصر الفهد): كذا وردت في الفتاوى (استحبابا)، وفي (الطرق الحكمية) ص ٢٥١ (استحسانا للحاجة) وهو الصواب، لأنهم استثنوها من القياس المقتضي لحرمتها - عندهم - لدليل آخر (الحاجو)، وهذا من تعاريف الاستحسان، والله تعالى أعلم. ٣ - ٢٨/ ٨٥: (والمزارعة أصل من المؤاجرة)، وفي (الطرق) ص ٢٥١ (والمزارعة أحل من المؤاجرة)، وهو الأظهر. ٤ - ٢٨/ ٩٠: (وقد تنازع الناس في التسعير في مسألتين: إحداهما: إذا كان للناس سعر غال فأراد بعضهم أن يبيع بأغلى من ذلك فإنه يمنع منه)، وفي (الطرق) ص ٢٥٢: (إذا كان للناس سعر غالب) وهو الصواب ز ٥ - ٢٨/ ٩٢: (فإذا انفرد منهم الواحد والعدد اليسير بحط السعر أمروا باللحاق بسعر الجمهور، [فإن زاد في السعر واحد أو عدد يسير لم يؤمر الجمهور باللحاق بسعره]، لأن المراعي حال الجمهور وبه تقوم المبيعات)، وما بين المعقوفتين ساقط من هذا الموضع، وهو في (الطرق) ص ٢٥٦. ٦ - ٢٨/ ٩٥: (ومعلوم أن الشيء إذا [قل،] رغب الناس في المزايدة فيه)، وما بين المعقوفتين ساقط، وهو في (الطرق) ص ٢٥٨، وبه يتبين المعنى.

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