a detailed account of this, it would require extensive discussion, as would an explanation of the kinds of sorcery, the reason for its effects, and the sīmiyā (a form of sorcery) it involves, along with the kinds of associating partners with Allah and what prompted the polytheists to worship idols.

Any rational person knows that no nation has ever unanimously adopted a practice without a reason. Abraham, Allah’s intimate friend, peace be upon him, says:

“And keep me and my sons away from worshipping idols.”

“My Lord, indeed they have led many people astray.”

Anyone who imagines that idol-worshippers believed their idols created the world, sent down rain, caused plants to grow, created animals, or anything of that kind is ignorant of their beliefs. Rather, their purpose in turning to their idols was of the same kind as that of those who associate partners with Allah through graves when they turn to the graves they venerate, or that of Christians when they turn to the graves of saints: they take them as intercessors, intermediaries, and means of approach. Indeed, reliable reports have established for us that some of those who worship at graves do more there than many idol-worshippers do. It is enough for a Muslim to know that Allah has forbidden nothing unless its harm is either unmixed or predominant.

As for anything whose benefit is unmixed or outweighs its harm, Allah has prescribed it. For the messengers were sent to secure and perfect benefits, and to eliminate and reduce harms. Just as associating partners with Allah is linked with falsehood, it is also linked with sorcery, as in His words, Exalted is He:

“Have you not seen those who were given a portion of the Scripture? They believe in sorcery and false gods, and say of those who disbelieve, ‘These are better guided than the believers as to the way.’”

“Those