perform Umrah alongside it at all. This, too, contradicts the established authentic hadiths and what has been transmitted through numerous independent reports concerning his Sunnah. Some of their later followers make a further mistake, supposing that he also performed Umrah starting from Mecca. For this reason, no one whose opinion carries weight has reported this.

They did not dispute that he instructed those of his Companions who had not brought sacrificial animals to perform Umrah followed by Hajj, coming out of ihrām between them. For his community, following his command takes precedence over following his own practice, especially since he explained that his remaining in ihrām was solely because he had brought sacrificial animals. This has been transmitted from him through numerous independent reports. In the two Sahih collections, Hafsah is reported to have asked him:

“Why have the people come out of ihrām, while you have not come out of ihrām for your Umrah?”

He replied:

“I have matted my hair and garlanded my sacrificial animals, so I will not come out of ihrām until I slaughter them.”

This does not contradict his having entered ihrām for both Umrah and Hajj, as reported by Anas, Umar, and others. This too is called Umrah, since its rites, taken by themselves, are those of someone performing Umrah. Moreover, he had instructed them to come out of ihrām and make their pilgrimage an Umrah, so she likened his case to theirs.

Some followers of Abū Hanīfah and others also erred concerning “the manner of his Hajj.” They believed that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, combined Umrah and Hajj in the sense that he first performed a tawāf (circumambulation of the Kaaba) and a sa‘y (the ritual passage between Safā and Marwah) for Umrah, then performed a second tawāf and sa‘y for Hajj before the standing at Arafat. Anyone who examines the established hadiths transmitted through numerous independent reports from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, will know that he did not perform two tawāfs or two sa‘ys. Nor did he instruct those of his Companions who had brought sacrificial animals, whom he ordered to remain in ihrām, to do so, let alone