later permitted, at ‘Arafāt, those who could not find a waist-wrapper to wear trousers, and those who could not find sandals to wear leather socks. His initial permission concerned leather socks cut below the ankles, because cutting them makes them like sandals.

For this reason, the correct view is that footwear extending no higher than below the ankles may be worn, such as leather socks of the muka‘‘ab type, jumjum and madās footwear, and the like, whether or not sandals are available. If one cannot find sandals or anything that serves in their place, such as jumjum or madās footwear and the like, one may wear leather socks without cutting them. Likewise, if one cannot find a waist-wrapper, one may wear trousers without unseaming them. This is the sounder of the two scholarly views, because the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, permitted these substitutes at ‘Arafāt, as narrated by Ibn ‘Umar.

One may also wear anything that serves as a waist-wrapper or an upper wrap. Thus, by agreement of the imams, one may wrap oneself in a coat, robe, shirt or similar garment, laying it crosswise over oneself as a covering. One may also wear it upside down, with its lower end uppermost, and cover oneself with a blanket or another covering. However, one must not cover one’s head unless there is a need.

The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, forbade a person in ihrām to wear a shirt, a hooded cloak, trousers, leather socks or a turban. He also forbade people to cover the head of someone who died in ihrām, and ordered a man who had entered ihrām wearing a robe to remove it. Anything of this kind falls within the scope of what the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, prohibited. Thus, whatever is equivalent to a shirt