it would prevent that cause from taking legal effect. This is far removed from the principles of the Sharia. Moreover, a man engaging in intercourse often breaks his fast before penetration; according to this view, he would thereby be exempt from expiation. This is plainly untenable. And Allah knows best.

He was asked:

A man deliberately broke his fast during the day in Ramadan and then had intercourse. Must he make up the fast and offer expiation, or only make up the fast without expiation?

He replied:

He must make up the fast. As for expiation, it is obligatory according to the schools of Mālik, Ahmad, and Abū Hanīfah, but not according to al-Shāfiʿī.

He was asked:

A man had intercourse with his wife at dawn, believing that it was still night. It then became clear that dawn had already broken. What is required of him?