And likewise, an enema provides no nourishment; rather, it empties the body, just as smelling a laxative might do, or suffering a fright that causes the bowels to empty. An enema does not reach the stomach. The medicine that reaches the stomach when treating wounds penetrating a body cavity or reaching the membrane surrounding the brain is unlike the nourishment that reaches it. Allah, glorified be He, says:

“Fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you.”

The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said:

“Fasting is a shield.”

He also said:

“Satan flows through the son of Adam as blood flows, so constrict his pathways through the hunger of fasting.”

The fasting person is forbidden to eat and drink because doing so strengthens the body. Thus, one abstains from the eating and drinking that generate the abundant blood through which Satan flows. Such blood is produced only by nourishment, not by an enema, kohl, drops introduced into the penis, or medicine used to treat wounds reaching the membrane surrounding the brain or penetrating a body cavity. Blood is, however, produced from water drawn in through the nose, since water is among the things from which blood is produced. Prohibiting this therefore completes the fast.

If these and other considerations are present in the original case established by revealed text and scholarly consensus, then their claim that the Lawgiver made the ruling dependent on the attributes they have mentioned