about Ishāq? Ishāq is the one to be asked about me.” Al-Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ishāq, Abū ‘Ubayd, Abū Thawr, Muhammad ibn Nasr al-Marwazī, Dāwūd ibn ‘Alī, and others like them were all jurists of the hadith tradition. May Allah be pleased with them all.

Furthermore, Allah says in His Book:

“And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread.”

This verse, together with the authentic hadiths from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), makes clear that a person is instructed to eat until dawn becomes apparent. Thus, while uncertain whether dawn has broken, he remains instructed to eat, as has been explained at length elsewhere.

Section

As for applying kohl, using an enema, instilling drops into the urethra, and treating a head wound reaching the membrane surrounding the brain and a wound penetrating a body cavity, scholars have differed over these matters. Some hold that none of them invalidates the fast. Others hold that all of them invalidate it except kohl; others, that all invalidate it except instilling drops into the urethra; and still others, that neither kohl nor such drops invalidates it, whereas the remaining treatments do.