or otherwise, over graves is categorically forbidden, because it is one of the two acts whose perpetrators the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, cursed. Similarly, he said:

“Two men must not go out to relieve themselves with their private parts exposed, conversing with one another, for Allah abhors that.”

Reported by Abū Dāwūd and others. It is well known that exposing one’s private parts is forbidden on its own, as is conversing in that situation. Likewise, Allah Most High says:

“And those who do not invoke another god besides Allah, nor kill a soul whom Allah has forbidden to be killed except by right, nor commit unlawful sexual intercourse. Whoever does so will incur a penalty.”

“His punishment will be multiplied on the Day of Resurrection, and he will remain therein forever, humiliated.”

Thus, He threatened punishment for a combination of acts, each of which is forbidden. This is because attaching blame to the combination entails that each individual act contributes to that blame. If any of them were permissible, it would not contribute to the blame. A forbidden act does not become more emphatically forbidden by combining it with a particular permissible act.

The leading scholars differed over reciting the Quran at a grave. Abū Hanīfa and Mālik considered it disliked, as did Ahmad according to most reports of his position. According to another report, Ahmad permitted it, as did a group of Abū Hanīfa’s followers and others. As for placing copies of the Quran by graves for those who intend to read the Quran there