extravagance, arrogance and boasting, none of which is present when it is needed. The same applies to wearing it for protection from the cold, or when one has nothing else with which to cover oneself.

He—may Allah have mercy on him—was asked:

Does the purified Sacred Law deny what the devils among the jinn do to human beings: possessing and deranging them, their flashes darting over them, and assailing them? Can this be treated through magical contrivances, protective amulets, incantations, adjurations, healing recitations, invocations for protection, and charms?

Some people have said that they cannot be controlled, because the jinn return to the realities when flourishing bodies fall into ruin; that these seals which people carry—whether Syriac, Hebrew, non-Arabic or Arabic—have no evidence supporting them, but are fabricated sayings and baseless superstitions; and that no human being possesses the strength or power of control necessary to perform the things we have mentioned concerning those who have undertaken this practice throughout the ages.

He replied:

Praise be to Allah. The existence of the jinn is established by the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of His Messenger, and the agreement of the early generations of this community and its imams. Likewise, the entry of a jinn into a human body is established by the agreement of the imams of Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamā‘ah. Allah Most High says:

“Those who consume usury will not stand except as one whom Satan has driven to madness by his touch.”

And in the