Allah’s oneness, prophethood, and the resurrection through proofs whose thoroughness no reasoning can attain, unlike the Muslim speculative theologians, the philosophers, and their followers. In it He also argued through samadiyya analogies, which are rational comparisons that yield certainty. We have discussed this at length elsewhere.

As for observable signs, what is witnessed or known through mass transmission—the punishments inflicted upon those who denied the messengers or disobeyed them, and the victories granted to the messengers and their followers in the manner in which they occurred—together with what is known of how Allah Most High honors whoever obeys Him and grants him the final triumph, and how He exacts retribution from those who disobey Him and brings defeat upon them: all this contains lessons that make clear His commands and prohibitions, His promises and warnings, and other matters that accord with the Quran.

For this reason, Allah Most High says:

“He is the One who expelled the disbelievers among the People of the Book from their homes at the first gathering. You did not think they would leave,”

continuing to His words:

“So take heed, O people of insight.”

This clearly illustrates drawing inferences concerning the foundations of religion, although it also encompasses drawing inferences concerning its subsidiary matters. Likewise, He says:

“There was certainly a sign for you in two groups that met: one fighting in the cause of Allah and the other disbelieving,”

continuing to His words:

“Indeed, in that is a lesson for people of insight.”

As for action, acting in accordance with knowledge makes that knowledge firm and reinforces it, whereas acting contrary to it weakens it and may even cause it to disappear. Allah Most High says:

“When they deviated, Allah caused their hearts to deviate.”

And He, Most High, says:

“We turn their hearts and eyes away, just as they did not believe in it the first time.”

And He, Most High, says:

“And if they