during travel, not while staying in one place. A man staying somewhere where food and drink are available is not a traveller but a resident, unlike a traveller who needs to carry food and drink, for the latter experiences the hardship of travel. The proponent of this view seems to have held that the concession is granted only because of hardship, and that hardship affects only those who need to carry food and drink. Statements distinguishing between different kinds of travel have also been transmitted from others.

Ibn Abī Shaybah narrated from ʿAlī ibn Mushir, from Abū Ishāq al-Shaybānī, from Qays ibn Muslim, from Tāriq ibn Shihāb, from ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd, who said:

“Do not let this countryside of yours mislead you concerning your prayers, for it is part of your city.”

His words “part of your city” indicate that he treated the countryside as part of the city because it belonged to it.

ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated from Maʿmar, from al-Aʿmash, from Ibrāhīm al-Taymī, from his father, who said:

“I was with Hudhayfah in al-Madāʾin and asked his permission to visit my family in Kufa. He gave me permission on condition that I neither break my fast nor shorten my prayers to two rakʿahs until I returned to him.”

The distance between the two places was a little over sixty miles.

It was also reported from Hudhayfah that one should not shorten prayers when travelling to al-Sawād, the cultivated countryside. The distance between Kufa and al-Sawād was ninety miles.

It was reported from Muʿādh ibn Jabal and ʿUqbah ibn ʿĀmir:

“None of you should range with livestock over mountain ridges or through valley bottoms and then claim that you are travellers. No, certainly not! Prayers are shortened only on journeys away from one’s dwellings, from one region to another.”