intends a forbidden outcome, so this is prohibited. As for a means that may lead to something forbidden, the person employing it does not intend that outcome. He is prohibited from using it when he has no need for it, but not when he needs it. Mālik, however, takes blocking such means so far as to prohibit them even when they are needed.

All “prayers with specific causes” are missed if postponed until after the prohibited time. These include the prostration of recitation, the prayer upon entering a mosque, the eclipse prayer, and prayer immediately after purification, as mentioned in the hadith of Bilāl. The same applies to the prayer for guidance when the matter for which guidance is sought would be missed if the prayer were delayed.

Likewise, there is the prayer of repentance. When someone sins, he must repent immediately, and he is encouraged to offer two units of prayer and then repent, as mentioned in the hadith of Abū Bakr al-Siddīq. Other examples include making up the regular sunnah prayers, as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, made up the two sunnah units of Zuhr after ‘Asr, and approved a man’s making up the two sunnah units of Fajr after the Fajr prayer. Although these prayers can be delayed, doing so forfeits the benefit of making them up promptly. Making up missed prayers immediately is prescribed: obligatory for obligatory prayers and recommended for recommended prayers.

Al-Shāfi'ī permits making up prayers during the prohibited times, even though he does not require that they be made up immediately, because they are prayers with specific causes. Yet these prayers are not lost with the passing of