that, and he mentioned no disagreement except from Abū Mūsā, although it should not be performed after dawn.

He said:

The authentic hadiths prohibiting prayer do not explicitly prohibit it before the Fajr prayer; on this point there is only the hadith of Abī. Ahmad cited as evidence the report of Abū Nadrah al-Ghifārī from the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—that he said:

“Allah has granted you an additional prayer, Witr, so perform it between Isha and the dawn prayer.”

This is the position of Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and the majority.

Mālik said: “Whoever misses the night prayer may perform it after dawn, before performing the dawn prayer.”

He said: Ibn Abī Mūsā [al-Khiraqī] (*) also reported this in al-Irshād as Ahmad’s position, by analogy with Witr.

I say:

The position he chose does not contradict what al-Khiraqī and other early scholars of the school stated. Al-Khiraqī mentioned that four types of prayer are permissible at all the prohibited times: making up missed prayers, the two units following circumambulation, praying when the call to commence the prayer is given while one is in the mosque, and the funeral prayer. However, he mentioned the prohibition of the eclipse prayer and the prostration of recitation in their respective chapters. Thus, he did not prohibit making up Sunnah prayers at the prohibited times.

Shaykh Abū Muhammad and a group of Ahmad’s followers therefore adopted the view that the regular Sunnah prayers may be made up after Asr, but not at the other prohibited times, and that other prayers occasioned by specific causes should not be performed, such as the prayer of greeting the mosque, the eclipse prayer, and the prayer for seeking Allah’s guidance