The first:

The hadith of Jābir ibn Yazīd ibn al-Aswad, who narrated that his father said:

“I accompanied the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, on his Hajj and prayed Fajr with him in the mosque of al-Khayf while I was a young man. When he finished his prayer, he noticed two men at the back of the congregation who had not prayed with him. He said, ‘Bring them to me.’ They were brought to him, trembling. He asked, ‘What prevented you from praying with us?’

“They replied, ‘O Messenger of Allah, we have already prayed at our lodgings.’

“He said, ‘Do not do that. If you have prayed at your lodgings and then come to a mosque where a congregation is praying, pray with them; it will count as a voluntary prayer for you.’”

This was narrated by the compilers of the Sunan, such as Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī and others, as well as Ahmad and al-Athram.

The second:

The report narrated by Mālik in al-Muwatta’, from Zayd ibn Aslam, from Bishr ibn Mihjan, from his father:

“He was sitting with the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, when the call to prayer was made. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, rose and prayed, then returned while Mihjan remained seated where he was. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, asked, ‘What prevented you from praying with the people? Are you not a Muslim?’

“He replied, ‘Indeed I am, O Messenger of Allah, but I have already prayed at home.’ The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, told him, ‘When you come, pray with the people, even if you have already prayed.’”

This report supports the ruling through its general wording, whereas the first explicitly permits repeating the prayer after Fajr.

The third:

The report narrated by Muslim in his Sahīh from Abū Dharr, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said to me, “How will you fare when you have rulers over you