In other cases, prohibiting them diminishes their benefit, as with the two units of prayer following circumambulation, especially for visitors who wish to make the most of circumambulation during those days. Both they and the city’s residents circumambulate at the beginning and end of the day.

The sixth argument:

Prayers performed for a specific reason are prompted by that reason, not performed on account of the time itself. This is unlike unrestricted voluntary prayer, which has no specific reason. Thus, the harm underlying the prohibition arises only from prayer without a specific reason, not from prayer performed for a reason. Hence, in the hadith narrated by Ibn ‘Umar, the Prophet said:

“Do not deliberately time your prayers to coincide with sunrise or sunset.”

The arguments we have mentioned also support making up missed prayers during the prohibited times.

Section: Repeating a prayer

If the congregational prayer begins while a person is in the mosque, he may repeat the prayer during a prohibited time, according to the majority, including Mālik, al-Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad, Abū Thawr, and others.

Abū Hanīfah and others, however, included this among the prohibited prayers. The majority supported their position with three hadiths: