and he is commanded to add another to that rak‘ah. This latter ruling is the position of the four imams and other scholars.

As for the former ruling, it is the view of the majority of scholars. It is reported from ‘Alī and several other Companions and Successors, and was the position of the Companions collectively. It is established that Abū Bakr al-Siddīq recited Sūrat al-Baqarah in the Fajr prayer. When he concluded the prayer, he was told, “The sun almost rose.” He replied, “Had it risen, it would not have found us heedless.”

These words, addressed by al-Siddīq to the Companions, explain that sunrise would not have harmed their prayer. It would not have found them heedless, but rather remembering Allah and obeying His words:

“Remember your Lord within yourself, humbly and fearfully, without raising your voice, in the mornings and evenings, and do not be among the heedless.”

This is the position of Mālik, al-Shāfi‘ī, Ahmad, Ishāq, Abū Thawr and Ibn al-Mundhir.

These scholars hold that a person may make up a prayer missed through sleep or forgetfulness during the prohibited times. Abū Hanīfah and those who agree with him, however, hold that his prayer becomes invalid because it has become a missed prayer, and, in their view, missed prayers cannot be made up during the prohibited times. This differs from that day’s ‘Asr prayer, which is being performed within its prescribed time. They cited as evidence the postponement of the prayer on the day when he and his Companions slept through it until the rising of