He continued his discussion until he said:

“Further evidence for you that Allah has risen over His Throne, and not over anything else, is what the transmitters have related from the Messenger of Allah, who said: ‘Allah descends to the lowest heaven every night and says: Is there anyone asking, that I may give to him? Is there anyone seeking forgiveness, that I may forgive him? This continues until dawn breaks.’”

He then mentioned the hadiths. Allah, Most High, said:

“O Jesus, I will take you and raise you to Myself and purify you from those who disbelieve.”

He said: “The Muslim community has unanimously agreed that Allah raised Jesus to heaven.” He cited further evidence, until he said:

“All of this indicates that Allah is not within His creation, nor is His creation within Him, and that He, Mighty and Majestic, has risen over His Throne. Majestic and Mighty is He, far exalted above what the wrongdoers say. Exalted is He above what is said by those who, in describing Him, have affirmed no reality for Him, nor established His oneness in speaking of Him. Their words ultimately amount to denial, and all their descriptions, when interpreted, amount to negation. By this they claim to intend to declare Him free of imperfections and deny any resemblance to creation. We therefore seek refuge in Allah from declaring Him free of imperfections in a way that entails negation and denial.”

This is a vast subject: the statements of scholars from all groups, the rational and transmitted evidence concerning it, the opposing arguments of those who deny, and the responses to those arguments cannot all be encompassed here. I have written several volumes on this subject, presenting the positions of all the groups and their scriptural and rational arguments. I have comprehensively addressed what al-Rāzī mentioned in his books Ta’sīs al-Taqdīs (Establishing Divine Sanctity), Nihāyat al-‘Uqūl (The Utmost Reach of Intellects), and other works, even covering the doctrines of