despite the possibility that the camel might urinate. Moreover, Muslims have always used cattle to thresh their grain, despite the considerable amount of cattle urine and dung that falls into it.

Furthermore, substances are presumed pure, and nothing may be declared impure without evidence. There is no evidence of impurity here: no scriptural text, scholarly consensus, or valid analogy.

He was asked about a baker who heats his oven with dung and bakes bread.

He replied:

Praise be to Allah. If the dung is pure, such as the dung of cattle, sheep, camels, or horses, it does not render the bread impure.

If it is impure, such as the dung of mules, donkeys, and other beasts, then according to some scholars, if the dung is dry, the oven has dried out after contact with it, and it does not render the bread impure. If some of it sticks to the bread, that portion is removed, and the remainder is not rendered impure. And Allah knows best.