an even stronger case. This reasoning is applied consistently to all forms of transformation. The majority hold that impure substances become pure through transformation. This is the well-known position of the Hanafīs and Zāhirīs, one of the two opinions within the schools of Mālik and Ahmad, and a position within the school of al-Shāfi'ī.

The fifth argument:

The ability to resist impurity, which other liquids share with water, is not exclusive to water. Rather, the same ruling applies to soil and other substances.

Scholars have differed over whether ground becomes pure when impurity that has fallen upon it disappears through sunlight, wind, or transformation. There are two opinions.

The first is that it becomes pure. This is the position of Abū Hanīfa and one of the two opinions within the schools of al-Shāfi'ī and Ahmad. It is the correct opinion according to the evidence.

It is authentically reported that Ibn ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, said:

“Dogs used to come and go and urinate in the mosque of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), yet they would not sprinkle water on any of those places.”

The Sunan collections also report that he said:

“When any of you comes to the mosque, let him inspect his sandals. If there is any filth on them, let him rub them against the soil, for soil purifies them.”

The Companions, such as ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib and others, would wade through mud and then enter to lead the people in prayer without washing their feet.

Still stronger evidence is his statement (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) concerning the trailing hems of women's garments when they come into contact with clean ground after unclean ground:

“The latter counteracts the former.”

And his statement: “It is purified by