The third:

Concerning repetition of the prayer: there is unanimous agreement that one praying behind the imam need not repeat it, provided his prayer is valid. As for the imam, or anyone else who prays after performing dry ablution for fear of the cold, several views have been expressed.

One view is that he must repeat the prayer in all cases, as al-Shāfiʿī holds. Another is that he must repeat it only when not travelling, but not when travelling. This is one position attributed to al-Shāfiʿī and one narration from Ahmad.

A further view is that he need not repeat it in either case. This is the position of Mālik and of Ahmad according to the other narration. This is the correct view, because he has done what he was able to do and therefore need not repeat the prayer. For this reason, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, did not instruct ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs to repeat it. Nor is there any established evidence in Islamic law that distinguishes, in this matter, between customary and unusual excuses. Allah knows best.

He was asked:

A man entered a state of major ritual impurity but was unable to use water because of severe cold, or because of fear and the censure he might face. Is he permitted to perform dry ablution, pray, recite the Quran, touch the Quran, and lead others in voluntary night prayer? Must he repeat the prayer? For how long may he continue to perform dry ablution?

He answered:

If he fears that bathing with water in the cold will make him ill; or fears that bathing will expose him to an accusation of something of which he is innocent, causing him harm; or fears harm from an enemy or wild beast between him and the water if he approaches it—then he may perform dry ablution for major or minor ritual impurity and pray.