negligence or transgression on his part need not repeat the act, whether it is prayer, fasting, or Hajj. Allah has not required a person to perform the same prayer twice, fast two months in one year, or perform Hajj twice, unless there has been negligence or transgression on his part.

If he forgets a prayer, he must perform it when he remembers it. The same applies if he forgets any of its obligatory requirements, such as purification, bowing, or prostration.

If, however, he is unable to fulfil an obligation—for example, if he prays naked because he has nothing to cover himself with, prays without reciting because he cannot speak, or cannot bow and prostrate fully because of illness or the like—he need not repeat the prayer. There is no distinction between an unusual excuse and a common one, or between one that persists and one that does not. The Muslims agree that a traveller who cannot find water should pray after performing dry ablution and need not repeat the prayer, and that a naked person who cannot find anything to cover himself with should pray and need not repeat the prayer.

They also agree that a sick person should pray as his condition allows, as the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said to ʿImrān ibn Husayn:

“Pray standing; if you cannot, then sitting; and if you cannot, then on your side.”

He need not repeat the prayer.

He—may Allah have mercy on him—was also asked:

A man wakes in a state of major ritual impurity and has no money to enter the bathhouse, nor can he bathe at home because of the cold. May he perform dry ablution and pray