these, such as hooves and the like, and its hair, feathers, and fur, scholars hold three views concerning these two categories:

The first is that all of them are impure. This is the well-known position reported from al-Shāfi‘ī, and it is also one reported position of Ahmad.

The second is that bones and similar parts are impure, whereas hair and similar materials are pure. This is the well-known position in the schools of Mālik and Ahmad.

The third is that all of them are pure. This is the position of Abū Hanīfah and is also a view within the schools of Mālik and Ahmad. This is the correct view, because the presumption concerning them is purity, and there is no evidence of their impurity. Moreover, these substances are wholesome, not foul, and thus fall within the verse declaring wholesome things lawful. They are not included among the foul things Allah has forbidden, either in wording or in meaning.

Allah Most High has forbidden animals that have died without lawful slaughter, but these substances do not fall within what Allah has forbidden, either in wording or in meaning.

As for the wording, His words, Most High,

“Forbidden to you are dead animals,”

do not include hair and similar materials. This is because death is the opposite of life, and life is of two kinds: