This becomes clear from another case: if an impurity such as urine, excrement, or anything else falls on the ground, whether it consists of soil or another material, and water is poured over it until the impurity itself is removed, both the water and the ground are pure according to the overwhelming majority of scholars, even if the water does not drain away. How much more, then, does this apply to paving?

For this reason, they said that if there is impurity on a roof and rain falls on it until the impurity itself is removed, the water flowing from its gutters is pure. How much more, then, does this apply to the bathhouse floor? If there is urine or vomit on it, and water is poured over it until the substance itself disappears, both the water and the ground are pure, even if the water does not flow. How much more so if it flows away from that spot? And Allah knows best.

We have discussed this at length elsewhere and cited more than ten scriptural proofs that the urine and dung of animals whose meat is lawful to eat are pure. If these are pure, how much more so is what results from their transformation? The purity of this dung is clearly established in the Sunnah. Disagreement over it should therefore not be treated as grounds for doubt that would make it recommended to avoid anything mixed with it, since the authentic Sunnah establishes that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions used to come into contact with it.

As for the dung of animals whose meat is not lawful to eat, such as mules and donkeys, it is impure according to the majority of scholars. A group of scholars, however, held it to be pure, maintaining that, of all urine and excrement, only human urine and excrement are impure.

Nevertheless, according to the well-known position—the view of the majority—if there is doubt about a piece of dung, whether it comes from an animal whose meat is lawful to eat or