and the Companions ruled that a camel was due for an ostrich, a sheep for a gazelle, and similarly in other cases. Those scholars of Kufa who disagree with them hold that compensation for hunted game is assessed only by its monetary value, and that this amount is used to purchase livestock. Monetary value, however, varies over time.

Section

Things may be forbidden either in themselves or because of how they are acquired. Acquisition through dealings with others takes two forms: exchange and partnership. Buying, selling, hiring, leasing, and similar transactions constitute exchange. Partnership includes capital partnerships and other forms of partnership.

Mālik’s position on partnerships is among the soundest and most equitable. He permits capital partnerships, labor partnerships, and other forms, as well as profit-sharing investment partnerships, crop-sharing arrangements, and musāqāh (orchard-tending partnerships). Al-Shāfiʿī, however, permits partnerships only when they are subsidiary to joint ownership.

There are two kinds of partnership: joint ownership of property and contractual partnership. Joint ownership, such as heirs sharing an inheritance, requires no contract. But if