they are lawful even if intoxicating, but they prohibit an amount that causes intoxication.

As for foods, the Kufans are stricter than the scholars of Medina. Besides prohibiting every fanged predator and every bird with talons, their restrictions on meat extend even to the spiny-tailed lizard and the hyena. According to one of their two positions, horse meat is also forbidden. Mālik categorically prohibits what is prohibited in the Quran. As for fanged predators, his well-known position is either to prohibit them with a lesser degree of prohibition or to regard them as disliked. It is also reported that he regarded taloned creatures as disliked. As for birds, he neither prohibits nor dislikes any of them, although prohibition admits of degrees. He regards horse meat as disliked, though both permissibility and prohibition have also been reported from him.

Anyone who carefully considers the authentic hadiths on this subject will recognize that the scholars of Medina follow the Sunnah more closely. Concerning drinks, so many hadiths have been authentically transmitted from the Prophet—may Allah Most High bless him and grant him peace—that anyone familiar with them knows they are among the clearest instances of mass transmission. Indeed, authentic reports of his prohibition of infusing two ingredients together and of using certain vessels are well known to anyone versed in the Sunnah.

As for foods, although it may be said that Mālik contradicted authentic hadiths establishing prohibition, that is disputed. The authentic hadiths contradicted by those who prohibit the spiny-tailed lizard and other animals are comparable to those reports, or outweigh them. Moreover, these hadiths are very few compared with the hadiths concerning drinks.