and Ibn ʿAbbās, Jābir, and other Companions like them. The Murjiʾah emerged at around the same time.

As for the adherents of Jahmism, they emerged only toward the end of the era of the Successors, after the death of ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. It is reported that he warned against them. Jahm appeared in Khurasan during the caliphate of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik. Before that, the Muslims had killed their teacher, al-Jaʿd ibn Dirham. Khālid ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Qasrī slaughtered him as a sacrifice, saying:

“O people, offer your sacrifices, and may Allah accept them from you. I am sacrificing al-Jaʿd ibn Dirham, for he claimed that Allah did not take Abraham as a close friend and did not speak directly to Moses. Exalted is Allah, far above what al-Jaʿd ibn Dirham says!”

He then descended and slaughtered him. It is reported that news of this reached al-Hasan al-Basrī and other Successors like him, and they commended it.

The Prophet’s city, however, remained free of the open emergence of these innovations. Although some people there secretly harboured such beliefs, they were held in contempt and censured by its inhabitants. There were indeed some Qadarīs and others there, but they were censured and kept in check. This was unlike Shiism and the doctrine of the Murjiʾah in Kufa, Muʿtazilism and the innovations of the ascetics in Basra, and hostility toward the Prophet’s family in Syria, all of which were openly manifest. It is authentically reported “from the Prophet, may Allah Most High bless him and grant him peace, that