Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

If you say:

“Speakers of the language coined these expressions only for what is peculiar to created beings, so they cannot have a literal meaning when applied to anything else.”

I reply:

But this is mistaken by the unanimous agreement of all peoples—Muslims and unbelievers alike—and of those versed in languages, let alone those versed in revealed laws and religions. This is like saying that the word “face” is used literally only for a human face, not for the face of an animal, an angel, or a jinn; or that the word “knowledge” is used literally only for human knowledge, not for the knowledge of an angel or a jinn; and so forth.

Rather, we have already explained that, in linguistic usage, terms denoting attributes are understood according to the beings to whom they are attributed. The common element is that each attribute bears the same relation to its possessor as the corresponding attribute bears to its own possessor. What is shared, then, is the relation: an angel’s or a jinn’s knowledge and face bear the same relation to that being as a human being’s knowledge and face bear to him. The same applies to all other attributes. And Allah knows best.

فَإِنْ قُلْت: أَهْلُ اللُّغَةِ إنَّمَا وَضَعُوا هَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظَ لِمَا يَخْتَصُّ بِهِ الْمَخْلُوقُ فَلَا يَكُونُ حَقِيقَةً فِي غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ. قُلْت: وَلَكِنَّ هَذَا خَطَأٌ بِإِجْمَاعِ الْأُمَمِ: مُسْلِمِهِمْ وَكَافِرِهِمْ وَبِإِجْمَاعِ أَهْلِ اللُّغَاتِ فَضْلًا عَنْ أَهْلِ الشَّرَائِعِ وَالدِّيَانَاتِ وَهَذَا نَظِيرُ قَوْلِ مَنْ يَقُولُ: إنَّ لَفْظَ الْوَجْهِ إنَّمَا يُسْتَعْمَلُ حَقِيقَةً فِي وَجْهِ الْإِنْسَانِ دُونَ وَجْهِ الْحَيَوَانِ وَالْمَلَكِ وَالْجِنِّيِّ أَوْ لَفْظَ الْعِلْمِ إنَّمَا اُسْتُعْمِلَ حَقِيقَةً فِي عِلْمِ الْإِنْسَانِ دُونَ عِلْمِ الْمَلَكِ وَالْجِنِّيِّ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ بَلْ قَدْ بَيَّنَّا أَنَّ أَسْمَاءَ الصِّفَاتِ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ اللُّغَةِ بِحَسَبِ مَا تُضَافُ إلَيْهِ؛ فَالْقَدْرُ الْمُشْتَرَكُ أَنَّ نِسْبَةَ كُلِّ صِفَةٍ إلَى مَوْصُوفِهَا كَنِسْبَةِ تِلْكَ الصِّفَةِ إلَى مَوْصُوفِهَا فَالْقَدْرُ الْمُشْتَرَكُ هُوَ النِّسْبَةُ فَنِسْبَةُ عِلْمِ الْمَلَكِ وَالْجِنِّيِّ وَوُجُوهِهِمَا إلَيْهِ كَنِسْبَةِ عِلْمِ الْإِنْسَانِ وَوَجْهِهِ إلَيْهِ وَهَكَذَا فِي سَائِرِ الصِّفَاتِ وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.

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