knowing that he does not intend the general expression to include anyone in whom that countervailing factor is present. Here it may be said:

That individual was included in the general expression without any qualification, and subsequently becoming conscious of what prevents his intended inclusion constitutes abrogation. This is because the grounds for his inclusion within the speaker’s intent consist in his possessing that meaning, which he does possess. The countervailing factor can prevent his intended inclusion only if the speaker is conscious of it when speaking; yet he was not conscious of it.

One who takes this view may also say of an earlier awareness of the preventing factor:

It has no effect unless it accompanies the utterance. Indeed, if, when making the general statement, he overlooks the exclusion of something, it falls within his general intent, just as it falls within his awareness of the general meaning. For qualification clarifies what he did not intend by the general expression, whereas this individual was intended by it. It is not necessary that he should have intended that individual specifically; all that is required is that he should have intended the shared meaning, and that is present.

It may, however, be said:

Rather, he did not intend this individual by the general designation, because he intended by it only those in whom no countervailing factor was present. In either case, even if the factor opposing that meaning had not been conceived of in detail, his intent is that the meaning provides grounds for intending to include the individual—not that the ruling necessarily applies to him merely because of that meaning, without regard to any countervailing factor. If his intent is that this meaning provides grounds for inclusion, then, when it is opposed by something he regards as a preventing factor, he did not intend that individual’s inclusion.

Thus, the issue turns on whether, within his intended meaning, the presence of the general meaning entails actual intent, unless it ceases to apply to some instances, or merely establishes grounds for intending the individual instances. Such grounds entail the inclusion of those instances when no countervailing factor opposes them.