As for innovation among others, it may exceed that of Hanbalī innovators in excessive affirmation and denunciation; or it may involve negation, which is more common, as with the Jahmīs, Qadarīs, Murjiʾa, and Rāfida. Excessive denunciation of opponents by others, through declaring them unbelievers or sinners, is also widespread.

The third category of innovation:

Being devoid of the Sunnah in both negation and affirmation, and failing to enjoin adherence to it or forbid opposition to it. This is common among students of jurisprudence and Sufis.