79 – Hanbal said: I asked Abū ʿAbd Allāh, “What is the meaning of His words, ‘He is with you,’ and, ‘No private conversation of three takes place but that He is their fourth’?” He replied, “His knowledge (1)—the Knower of the unseen and the seen; His knowledge encompasses everything. He is the All-Knower of the unseen; He knows the unseen. Our Lord is upon the Throne, without limit and without modality (2).
80 – It is related from Yūsuf ibn Mūsā al-Baghdādī that he said: Someone asked Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, “Is Allah above the seventh heaven, upon His Throne, distinct from His creation, while His power and His knowledge are in every place?” He answered, “Yes—He is upon the Throne, and His knowledge is in every place (3); no place is devoid of it (4).”
(1) In the original text: (ʿallamahu ʿallamahu) by repetition.
(2) Ibn Taymiyya, Sharḥ Ḥadīth al-Nuzūl, 5th ed. (Dar al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1397 AH), p. 127; al-Dhahabī, al-ʿUlūw, p. 130; Ibn al-Qayyim, Ijtimāʿ al-Juyūsh al-Islāmiyya, p. 135.
(3) From “h.”
(4) Al-Dhahabī (al-ʿUlūw, p. 130) and Ibn al-Qayyim (Ijtimāʿ al-Juyūsh al-Islāmiyya, p. 135) record this, attributing it to al-Khallāl in Kitāb al-Sunnah. Imām Aḥmad elaborates on the meaning of al-maʿiyya (divine presence) in his Kitāb al-Radd ʿalā al-Jahmiyya (pp. 140–144). Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya further distinguishes between its general and specific senses in the Qurʾān: general, as in these two verses, and specific, as in “Indeed, Allah is with those who fear Him and those who are doers of good” (Q 16:128); “Indeed, I am with you both; I hear and I see” (Q 20:46); and “Do not grieve; indeed, Allah is with us” (Q 9:40). He argues that if al-maʿiyya implied God’s essential presence with all things, its general application would conflict with contexts that clearly limit His companionship to particular persons. Moreover, in Arabic usage—and in the Qurʾān—al-maʿiyya never denotes the intermingling of essences, as in “Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah and those with him” (Q 48:29).