and His messengers without seeing Him. Surely Allah is Powerful, Mighty. ⦗57:25⦘
For this reason the Prophet ﷺ instructed his ummah to appoint rulers over them, and he commanded those rulers to return trusts to their owners, to judge justly when they arbitrate between people, and to be obeyed only in obedience to Allah. In the Sunan of Abu Dawud, on the authority of Abu Saʿid, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “When three people set out on a journey, let them appoint one of them as leader,”1 and in the same collection Abu Hurayrah transmits the same report.1
In the Musnad of Imam Ahmad, Abdullah ibn Umar narrates that the Prophet ﷺ said: “It is not permissible for three persons who find themselves in an open land not to appoint one of them as leader.”2
If leadership is obligatory for the smallest group and the briefest gathering, this is a clear indication that it is even more obligatory for larger communities. Consequently, holding public office—when a person treats it as an act of worship, seeks nearness to Allah through it, and carries out the obligatory duties within it to the best of his ability—is among the finest of righteous deeds. Imam Ahmad also relates in his Musnad that the Prophet ﷺ said: “The most beloved of all people to Allah is a just ruler, and the most detested of all people to Allah is an oppressive ruler.”3