let them create a speck! Let them create a gnat! 1
For this reason all manufactured objects—such as cooked dishes, clothing, and dwellings—come into existence only through human agency. Allah, Exalted is He, says:
“And a sign for them is that We carried their offspring in the laden Ark, and We created for them the like of it on which they ride.” (Yā-Sīn 41)
He also says: “Do you worship what your own hands carve, when it is Allah who created you and what you make?” (al-Ṣāffāt 95–96)
The created entities found in minerals, plants, and animals are beyond the ability of the children of Adam to produce; they can merely fashion imitations as a form of deceit. This is, in fact, the essence of al-kīmiyāʾ (alchemy): it is nothing but counterfeit imitation. The subject is vast, and experts have authored works on it too numerous to recount here.
Reprehensible matters likewise include every contract that Allah and His Messenger have forbidden: usurious or gambling agreements; the sale of uncertainty (bayʿ al-gharar) 2; the transaction known as ḥabl al-ḥabla 3; mulāmasa and munābadha 4; deferment usury (ribā al-nasīʾa) and excess usury (ribā al-faḍl) 5. Also prohibited is najsh 6—artificially inflating the price of goods without intending to buy them—the practice of tasriyah, in which the milk of a lactating animal is withheld to deceive the purchaser 7, and every other form of fraud.
The same ruling applies to interest-based dealings, whether bilateral or trilateral, whenever their purpose is