are ruled out. As for the fourth, intercession, it takes place only after His leave, as the Most High says:

“Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His permission?” (Qurʾān 2:255)

He also says:

“How many an angel there is in the heavens whose intercession is of no avail whatsoever unless Allah grants leave to whomever He wills and is pleased with.” (Qurʾān 53:26)

And He says:

“Have they taken intercessors other than Allah? Say, ‘Even though they possess no power and no understanding?’ Say, ‘All intercession belongs entirely to Allah. His is the dominion of the heavens and the earth.’” (Qurʾān 39:43–44)

Likewise:

“Allah is the One who created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six days, then He rose over the Throne. You have, besides Him, no protector and no intercessor—will you not then take heed?” (Qurʾān 32:4)

And:

“Warn thereby those who fear that they will be gathered to their Lord: they have, besides Him, no protector and no intercessor, so that they may become mindful.” (Qurʾān 6:51)

And He, the Exalted, says:

“It is not for any human being to whom Allah has given the Scripture, judgment, and prophethood to then say to the people, ‘Be servants of me instead of Allah.’ Rather, be people of the Lord because you have been teaching the Book and because you have been studying it.” (Qurʾān 3:79)