any other being with Allah in such a context. So much so that when a man once said to the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—“Whatever Allah wills and you will,” he replied, “Have you made me a rival to Allah? Rather say: Whatever Allah alone wills.” He also instructed his Companions, “Do not say, ‘Whatever Allah and Muhammad will,’ but say, ‘Whatever Allah wills, then whatever Muhammad wills.’

In another report, a Muslim heard someone declare, “You are an excellent people were it not that you set up rivals,” meaning: you ascribe a partner to Allah by saying, “Whatever Allah and Muhammad will.” The Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—thereupon forbade them from uttering that phrase.

Al-Bukhārī relates that Zayd ibn Khālid said: “The Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—led us in the dawn prayer at al-Hudaybiyyah after rain had fallen during the night. He then asked, ‘Do you know what your Lord said this night?’ We replied, ‘Allah and His Messenger know best.’ He said, ‘This morning some of My servants arose as believers in Me and others as disbelievers. As for…’”}