anyone who entered from kissing the ground, and he would reprimand anyone who nonetheless did so.

In sum, standing, sitting, bowing, and prostrating are rights that belong exclusively to the One worshipped, the Creator of the heavens and the earth. Whatever is due solely to Allah may not be shared with any other being—just as it is impermissible to swear an oath by anyone besides Allah. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Whoever must take an oath, let him swear by Allah or keep silent” (agreed upon). He also said, “Whoever swears by other than Allah has committed shirk.”

All acts of worship, then, are for Allah alone, without partner:

“They were commanded only to worship Allah, devoting the religion purely to Him as upright monotheists, to establish the prayer, and to give the alms; that is the upright religion.” (Qur’an 98:5)

In an authentic report the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, likewise said, “Allah is pleased for you with three things: …”