guide on the path to Allah other than following the Messenger in his states, words, and deeds.”

Among their uses of the word “knowledge” is the statement of Abū ‘Uthmān al-Naysābūrī: “Companionship with Allah consists in proper etiquette, constant awe, and watchfulness. Companionship with the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, consists in following his Sunnah and adhering to the outward requirements of religious knowledge. Companionship with the allies of Allah Most High consists in respect and service; companionship with one’s family, in good character; companionship with one’s brethren, in constant cheerfulness, provided it involves no sin; and companionship with the ignorant, in praying for them and treating them with compassion.”

Another example is the statement of Abū al-Husayn al-Nūrī: “If you see someone claiming a spiritual state with Allah that takes him beyond the bounds of religious knowledge, do not go near him.” He also said: “The rarest