waywardness, the opposite of right conduct, just as one who is astray does not know what serves his best interests, unlike one who is rightly guided.

Allah, Glorified and Exalted, said:
“By the star when it descends, your companion has neither strayed nor erred.”
Surah al-Najm, 1–2

For this reason, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Adhere to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the upright, rightly guided caliphs after me.”

Thus, you find that poets praise courage and generosity as such, since the absence of these two qualities is blameworthy without qualification. Their presence, however, serves to fulfil people’s aims, whatever those aims may be. Yet the ultimate outcome in this is