be shared involvement in certain kinds of sin, more readily than they can under injustice concerning people’s rights, even without shared involvement in sin.

Hence it has been said that Allah upholds a just state even if it is unbelieving, but does not uphold an unjust state even if it is Muslim. It is also said that worldly life endures with justice and disbelief, but does not endure with injustice and Islam.

The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “No sin brings swifter punishment than aggression and severing ties of kinship.” Thus, the aggressor is brought down in this world, even if he is forgiven and shown mercy in the Hereafter.

This is because justice holds everything in order. When worldly affairs are established upon justice, they endure, even if the person responsible for them has no share in the Hereafter.