what is due to others, envy, and the like.

The second comprises those that involve wronging oneself alone, such as drinking wine and unlawful sexual intercourse, when their harm does not extend to others.

The third comprises those that combine both, such as a person in authority taking people’s money and spending it on unlawful sexual intercourse and drinking wine. Another example is having unlawful sexual relations with someone whom one elevates above others on that account, thereby harming them—as happens with those who love certain women or boys.

Allah Most High says:

“Say, ‘My Lord has only forbidden shameful deeds, whether committed openly or secretly, sin, unjust aggression, associating with Allah that for which He has sent down no authority, and saying about Allah what you do not know.’” (Sūrah al-Aʿrāf, 33)

People’s affairs in this world can be set right only through justice, under which there may