what one owes, and to injustice by taking another’s property. It also leads to severing ties of kinship and to envy: resenting what another has been singled out to receive and wishing for its removal. Envy involves both stinginess and injustice: begrudging another what he has been given, and wronging him by seeking to deprive him of it.

If this is so with desires for things that are permissible in themselves, then how much more so with forbidden things, such as unlawful sexual intercourse, drinking wine and the like? When some enjoy exclusive access to these things, there are two kinds of hatred involved:

The first—the first—is hating them because of the exclusivity and injustice involved, just as occurs with things that are permissible in themselves.

The first—and the second is hating them because of Allah’s right in the matter. For this reason, sins fall into three categories:

The first comprises those that involve wronging people, such as injustice through taking wealth and withholding